Title: The Respective Roles of Cardiac and Hepatic Bone Morphogenetic Protein 10 (BMP10) in the Cardiovascular System
Abstract
Activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1) is a receptor predominantly expressed by endothelial cells, and loss-of-function mutations in its encoding gene, ACVRL1, are responsible for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), also known as Rendu-Osler disease, a rare vascular disorder characterized by multiple vascular abnormalities. Its high-affinity ligands, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 9 (BMP9) and Bone Morphogenetic Protein 10 (BMP10), play a central role in maintaining vascular homeostasis. BMP9 is produced by hepatic stellate cells, whereas BMP10 is essentially described as synthesized by right atrial cardiomyocytes. However, recent studies have demonstrated BMP10 production by hepatic stellate cells, challenging this classical view and suggesting the existence of a previously underevaluated hepatic source. This observation raises a fundamental question: what is the origin of biologically active circulating BMP10, and what are the respective contributions of the heart and the liver to ALK1-dependent vascular homeostasis?
To address this question, we developed novel mouse models allowing tissue-specific deletion of Bmp10, including an inducible cardiomyocyte-specific knockout and a constitutive hepatic stellate cell-specific knockout (KO). These models were crossed with Bmp9-KO mice to investigate the vascular consequences of the combined loss of the different ligands capable of activating ALK1. Following genetic validation of these models, we sought to identify the origin of biologically active circulating BMP10 and to characterize the pathophysiological consequences associated with the loss of these two ligands.
Strikingly, our results demonstrate that hepatic deletion of Bmp10 leads to the complete loss of biologically active circulating BMP10, whereas cardiac deletion does not affect either its plasma concentration or its biological activity. These findings demonstrate that, contrary to the current view, the liver, rather than the heart, is the primary source of biologically active circulating BMP10. Phenotypically, mice deficient in Bmp9 and hepatic Bmp10 display major local vascular alterations associated with disruption of liver sinusoidal endothelial identity, dysregulation of hepatic metabolic pathways, and collagen deposition in the liver. Remarkably, these alterations are not restricted to the liver but are accompanied by systemic vascular defects, including the development of arteriovenous abnormalities in the intestine and kidneys. We also demonstrate severe pulmonary alterations characterized by marked dilation of pulmonary capillaries, profound disruption of lung parenchymal architecture, and a substantial increase in vascular permeability. In contrast, none of these phenotypes are observed following the combined deletion of Bmp9 and cardiac Bmp10.
Overall, this work uncovers a previously unrecognized role of the liver as the principal source of biologically active circulating BMP10. Together with BMP9, this ligand is essential for maintaining endothelial integrity and vascular homeostasis. These findings redefine our understanding of the mechanisms governing endothelial ALK1 activation in vivo and provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying vascular diseases associated with this signaling pathway, particularly hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.
Direction / Supervision
Emmanuelle Tillet