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Avalanche photodiodes

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Published on 23 April 2026

Credits: C.MOREL_D

​​Avalanche photodiodes​​

Toward ultimate detection of small numbers of photons with no information loss


CEA-Leti's avalanche photodiodes enable high-sensitivity time-resolved detection in the infrared spectral bands.

A signal amplification gain of 1,000 can be obtained without added noise, thanks to a mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe) semiconductor absorption layer and a unique amplification process. The technology, which is effective even at room temperature, can be integrated into a range of detection systems, enabling new capabilities and enhanced performance.



What it can do​

This technology, currently being transferred for production, is ideal for low SWaP-C (size, weight, power, and cost) detection products for industrial, and military applications:

  • ​Free-space optical communications for secure, ultra-high-speed data transmission
  • LiDAR for industrial detection, topographic imaging, defense, space, and mobility
  • Time-resolved infrared detection for science (biomedical research, materials science, etc.)
  • Quantum optics




What makes it unique

CEA-Let​i's avalanche photodiodes make detection systems simpler and enable new detection capabilities:

  • Noise-free signal amplification (with a gain of 1,000) for the detection of weak signals normally drowned out by noise from nearby electronics, enabling single-photon detection in the short- and mid-infrared spectral bands.
  • Monolithic microlens integration for an improved active optical surface that meets free-space optical coupling requirements.
  • Hybrid amplifier integration for noise reduction, performance characterizable on-chip, and robustness against electromagnetic interference.
   ​Credits: R

Working with CEA-Leti​
​​

Manufacturers and integrators of quantum optics, LiDAR, and optical communications systems seeking unparalleled SWaP-C, and research laboratories looking for new detection capabilities can work with CEA-Leti to develop this technology for their needs.

This technology, which is ready for the market for the short-infrared band, can be developed in partnership with CEA-Leti for other spectral bands and for specific use cases. CEA-Leti supports new developments based on this technology, which can then be transferred for manufacturing of the finished component in partnership with startup Moon Photonics.


Scientific publications

  • Rothman, J., et al. (2025). Meso-photonic Detection with HgCdTe APDs at High Count Rates. J. Electron. Mater. 49, 6881–6892.

  • Rothman, J., et al. (2020). High Operating Temperature Performance Characterization of SWIR HgCdTe Avalanche
    Photodiodes. J. Electron. Mater. 54, 8323-8334.



Technology transfer

CEA-Leti spinoff Moon Photonics, founded in January 2026 to commercialize this cuttingedge technology for singlephoton detection, is already commercializing a solution for the short-infrared band.​

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